|
APPENDIX 2: FORCED MIGRATIONS IN THE 20TH CENTURY BALKANS58 |
||||
|
Dates |
Who |
From |
To |
Numbers |
|
Balkan Wars |
'Tens and hundreds of thousands ran in all directions' (Sola) |
|||
|
Including |
|
|
|
|
|
1912 |
Turks |
Macedonia' |
Turkey |
100,000 |
|
1912 |
Macedonians |
Macedonia |
Bulgaria |
15,000 |
|
1912-1913 |
Greeks |
Western Thrace |
Greece |
70,000 |
|
1912-1913 |
Turks |
Bulgaria |
Turkey |
50,000 |
|
1913 |
Greeks and other groups |
war areas |
Greece |
90,000? |
|
1913 |
Turks |
Western Thrace |
Turkey |
40,000- 50,000 |
|
1913 |
Treaty of Adrianople between Bulgaria and Turkey-- first interstate treaty to provide for transfer of peoples |
|||
|
1913-1914 |
Bulgarians |
Greece, Serbia, Turkey |
Bulgaria |
250,000 |
|
1913-1914 |
Greeks |
post-war forced movement by Greek-Turkish agreement from Turkey--interrupted by 1914 war |
Greece |
? |
|
World War One |
even larger movements similar to Balkan Wars |
|||
|
Including |
|
|||
|
1914-1918 |
Serbs |
internal and external displacement of over one third population including |
All directions |
750,000-1,000,000? |
|
1914-1918 |
Serbs |
Serbs as forced labour, about 10 percent of population |
Bulgaria/Hungary |
250,000-300,000? |
|
1914-1918 |
Serbs |
march to Adriatic--Serb army and civilians (huge death toll) |
Adriatic |
200,000-500,000? |
|
1914-1918 |
Bulgarians |
former 'Bulgarian lands' |
Bulgaria |
300,000? |
|
1916-1918 |
Romanians |
Dobrudja (taken by Bulgaria) |
Romania |
? |
|
post-war |
|
|||
|
1918-1924 |
Hungarians |
Romania (Transylvania) |
Hungary |
200,000 |
|
1918-1924 |
Hungarians |
Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia |
Hungary |
200,000 |
|
1918-1926 and Thrace) |
Bulgarians |
Greece (Greek Macedonia) |
Bulgaria |
120,000 |
|
1918-1928 |
Greeks |
Bulgaria |
Greece |
50,000 |
|
1922-1923 |
Greeks |
forced exchange from Turkey under Treaty of Lausanne |
Greece |
1,200,000 |
|
1921-1928 |
Turks |
Greece |
Turkey |
400,000 |
|
1921-1939 |
Turks |
Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia |
Turkey |
200,000 |
|
World War Two |
|
|||
|
1939-1940 |
Romanians Germans Hungarians |
Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina taken by Russia |
Romania/ Germany/ Hungary |
40,000 plus |
|
1939-1940 |
Jews |
Romania |
Russia |
70,000? |
|
1939-1941 |
Romanians |
Suspect population Bessarabia |
Russian camps |
100,000? |
|
1940-1941 |
Yugoslav (Serbs- Jews) |
flee before invading German/ Hungarian armies |
Yugoslavia |
300,000? |
|
1940 |
Romanians |
Transylvania (ceded to Hungary) |
Romania |
220,000 |
|
1940 |
Hungarians |
Romania |
Hungary |
160,000 |
|
1940 |
Romanians |
Dobrudia annexed by Bulgaria |
Romania |
100,000 |
|
1940 |
Bulgarians |
resettled Bulgarian Dobrudja |
Bulgaria |
60,000 |
|
1941 |
Greeks |
'Greek' Macedonia and Western Thrace occupied by Bulgaria |
Greece |
90,000-100,000 |
|
1940-1944 |
Ethnic Germans |
Romania, Croatia, Bulgaria, Serbia |
German areas |
300,000 |
|
1940-1945 |
Serbs |
'Yugoslav' Macedonia occupied by Bulgaria |
Serbia |
500,000 |
|
1940-1945 |
Serbs |
Banat taken by Hungary |
Serbia |
? |
|
1940-1945 |
Slovenians |
Slovenia taken by Italy/Germany |
Southern Slovenia/ Serbia |
120,000 |
|
1940-1945 |
Serbs |
Croatia |
Serbia |
120,000 |
|
1940-1945 |
Croatians Hungarians |
Serbia |
Croatia and Hungary |
70,000 |
|
1941-1945 |
Forced labour |
18,000 Bulgarians, 9,000 Romanians, 103,000 Yugoslavs |
Nazi Germany |
130,000 |
|
1941-1945 |
Jews |
Romania 270,000-400,000, |
Nazi camps/ death |
400,000 |
|
1943-1944 |
Italians |
Albania and Dodecanese |
Italy |
40,000 |
|
1944-1945 |
Germans |
Romania to west fleeing ahead of army |
West |
100,000 |
|
1944-1945 |
Germans |
Yugoslavia to west fleeing ahead of Partisans Red Army |
West |
35,000 |
|
1944-1945 |
Hungarians |
ahead of Red Army and return of Transylvania to Romania |
Hungary |
? |
|
1944-1945 |
Balkan captives |
Balkans |
Russian camps |
? |
|
1944-1945 |
ethnic Germans |
deportation from Romania, Yugoslavia |
Germany |
170,000? |
|
1944-1945 |
ethnic Germans |
deportation of those left behind from Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania |
Russia |
200,000? |
|
1945 on |
Bulgarians |
Greek and Yugoslav territories occupied in war |
Bulgaria |
120,000 |
|
1945 on |
Hungarians |
Romania, Yugoslavia (and Czech lands) |
Hungary |
185,000 |
|
1944-1947 |
Poles |
Bosnia (community From 1890s) |
Poland |
17,000 |
|
1945-1946 |
Italians |
New, Yugoslavia |
Italy |
130,000 |
|
1946 |
Hungarians |
New Yugoslavia |
Hungary |
40,000 |
|
1946 Croats |
Serbs and |
Hungary |
Yugoslavia |
40,000 |
|
1945-1948 |
Jews |
Bulgaria |
Israel/West |
50,000 |
|
1945-1948 |
Jews |
Romania |
Israel/West |
40,000 |
|
Greek Civil War |
|
|||
|
1946-1949 |
|
(a) 600,000 plus displaced from Greek Macedonia to Athens |
Yugoslavia and Balkan states Albania |
700,000 plus
25,000 |
|
Communist Era |
|
|||
|
1949-1950 |
Turks |
Bulgaria |
Turkey |
150,000-250,000 |
|
1970-1989 |
Turks |
Bulgaria |
Turkey |
300,000 |
|
post-1989 |
|
|||
|
Croatian War 1991 |
|
|||
|
1991 |
Croats |
Eastern Slavonia |
Croatia |
77,000 |
|
1991 |
Serbs |
Croatia Montenegro |
Serbia and |
120,000 |
|
Bosnian War 1992-5 |
|
|||
|
all but especially Muslims |
internal displacement |
Bosnia |
1,000,000 |
|
All incl. |
External displacement |
25 countries |
1,000,000 |
|
Muslims/ Croats |
Republika Skrpska |
Croatia |
45,000 |
|
Bosnian Serbs |
Bosnia |
Serbia/ Montenegro |
250,000 |
|
1995 |
Croatian Serbs |
Croatia/Krajina |
Skpska/ Serbia |
180,000 |